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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an important life saving first aid skill, practised throughout the world. It is the only known effective method of keeping a victim of cardiac arrest alive long enough for definitive treatment to be delivered (usually defibrillation and intravenous cardiac drugs). In 1954, James Elam was the first to demonstrate experimentally that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was a sound technique and, with Dr. Peter Safar, he demonstrated its superiority to previous methods. Peter Safar wrote the book ''ABC of resuscitation'' in 1957. In the United States, it was first promoted as a technique for the public to learn in the 1970s. There were some techniques to keep people alive developed in the 18th century, both in Japan and in Europe, but it was well into the 20th century before Elam and Safar discovered and published the truly effective method known as CPR. Safar conducted research on existing basic life support procedures including controlling a person’s breathing airway by tilting back his or her head with an open mouth; and using mouth-to-mouth breathing. He combined these with a procedure known as closed-chest cardiac massage to become the basic life support method of CPR. Throughout his life Safar was hesitant to take credit for “inventing” CPR. The way he saw it, he merely brought to light effective procedures that humans had already discovered, putting them together into what he called “the ABCs”—maintaining a patient's Airway, Breathing and Circulation. He worked hard to popularize the procedure around the world and collaborated with Norwegian toy maker Asmund Laerdal to create “Resusci Anne,” the CPR training mannequin. Laerdal now is a medical equipment manufacturer. Safar also created the first guidelines for community-wide emergency medical services, or EMS; he founded the International Resuscitation Research Center (IRRC) at the University of Pittsburgh, which he directed until 1994; and he was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in medicine. ==First attempts at resuscitation in the 18th century== In August 1767 a few wealthy and civic-minded citizens in Amsterdam gathered to form the Society for Recovery of Drowned Persons.〔Johnson A, An account of some societies at Amsterdam and Hamburg for the recovery of drowned persons, 1773, London, pg. 119.〕 This society was the first organised effort to respond to sudden death. The society's techniques involved a range of methods to stimulate the body. The members of the society recommended:〔Cary RJ, A brief history of the methods of resuscitation of the apparently drowned. Journal of Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 270 (1918):243-251.〕 # warming the victim; # removing swallowed or aspirated water by positioning the victim's head lower than feet; # applying manual pressure to the abdomen; # respirations into the victim's mouth, either using a bellows or with a mouth-to-mouth method; # tickling the victim's throat; # 'stimulating' the victim by such means as rectal and oral fumigation with tobacco smoke; bellows were used to drive tobacco smoke, a known irritant, into the intestine through the anus, as this was thought to be enough of a stimulant to engender a response in the “almost” dead; and # bloodletting. The society in Amsterdam claimed to have saved 150 persons, within four years of their founding, with their recommendations.〔Royal Humane Society, Annual Reports, 1787, 1788, 1789. London〕 The first four of these techniques, or variations of them, are in use today. Following successes of this first society, rescue societies soon sprang up in most European capitals, all with the goal to find a way of successfully resuscitating victims of sudden death. This theory proved so popular that Hamburg, Germany passed an ordinance in 1769 providing notices to be read in churches describing assistance for drowned, strangled, and frozen persons and those overcome by noxious gases, probably the first example of mass medical training. The Royal Humane Society in London, founded in 1774, served as the model for societies in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. These rescue societies of the 18th century were the precursors of today’s emergency medical services. Similar techniques were described in early 20th century jujutsu and judo books, as being used as far back as early 17th century. A ''New York Times'' correspondent reported those techniques being used successfully in Japan in 1910. In jujutsu (and later on, judo), those techniques were called ''kappo'' or ''kutasu''.〔http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0CE4D61E39E333A25757C0A96F9C946196D6CF〕 〔http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2461172/?page=1〕〔http://ejmas.com/jcs/jcsart_burgin_1203.htm〕〔http://www.judoinfo.com/chokes.htm〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of cardiopulmonary resuscitation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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